Distribution,structure and function of Nordic eelgrass (Zostera marina) ecosystems: implications for coastal management and conservation

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刺参围堰养殖中大叶藻的生态功能

为阐明围堰池塘内海草——大叶藻的生态功能并为将其引入刺参池塘养殖提供理论基础,对大叶藻区和裸露砂质底质区的温度、溶氧进行了比较测定,对刺参及其食物组成的同位素进行了分析,并与邻近自然海域草场系统进行对比。结果显示,春夏季大叶藻区底部温度比裸露砂质底质区温度低约0~0.33°C;0~25%的低大叶藻盖度下,海草区和裸露底质区溶氧差异不显著,50%~100%的中高盖度下,海草区表层溶氧显著高于裸露底质区,高约0.12~0.62 mg/L,底层溶氧低于裸露底质区,约0~0.38 mg/L;春季末,该海草环境下的刺参δ13C和δ15N比值分别为–15.27‰和8.11‰,具有与相邻自然草场系统中刺参明显不同的同位素特征值(–20.12‰和10.95‰)。混合模型的分析表明,其食物组成中来自大叶藻的贡献约为13%~52%,高于底栖硅藻(4%~49%)、悬浮颗粒有机物POM(23%~39%)以及附着生物(0~22%)。而邻近的自然草场中,来自POM和褐藻海蒿子的食物贡献最大,0.95置信水平下的置信区间(CI)分别为24%~54%和1%~53%,而海草丛生大叶藻的贡献为0~27%。本研究表明,大叶藻可以在一定程度上降低夏季池塘底部水温,增加水体溶氧,同时为刺参提供重要的食物来源,这在池塘组成相对简单的环境下是尤为重要的。     

Eliciting conditioned taste aversion in lizards: Live toxic prey are more effective than scent and taste cues alone

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is an adaptive learning mechanism whereby a consumer associates the taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by a toxic substance, and thereafter avoids eating that type of food. Recently, wildlife researchers have employed CTA to discourage native fauna from ingesting toxic cane toads (Rhinella marina), a species that is invading tropical Australia. In this paper, we compare the results of 2 sets of CTA trials on large varanid lizards (“goannas,” Varanus panoptes). One set of trials (described in this paper) exposed recently‐captured lizards to sausages made from cane toad flesh, laced with a nausea‐inducing chemical (lithium chloride) to reinforce the aversion response. The other trials (in a recently‐published paper, reviewed herein) exposed free‐ranging lizards to live juvenile cane toads. The effectiveness of the training was judged by how long a lizard survived in the wild before it was killed (fatally poisoned) by a cane toad. Both stimuli elicited rapid aversion to live toads, but the CTA response did not enhance survival rates of the sausage‐trained goannas after they were released into the wild. In contrast, the goannas exposed to live juvenile toads exhibited higher long‐term survival rates than did untrained conspecifics. Our results suggest that although it is relatively easy to elicit short‐term aversion to toad cues in goannas, a biologically realistic stimulus (live toads, encountered by free‐ranging predators) is most effective at buffering these reptiles from the impact of invasive toxic prey.     

卵甲藻Exuviaella cordata 和Exuviaella marina赤潮的初步研究

报道了由心形卵甲藻（Exuviaella cordata）和海洋卵甲藻（Exuviaella marina)引发的赤潮，（前者于1991年发生在庄河青堆水产公司虾池中，后者于1999年7月发生在大连湾），并对赤潮发生的原因，危害进行了分析，对引发赤潮藻类的形态和生活习性进行了描述，对大连湾赤沓区养殖的3种贝类进行了贝毒检测。     

Classification of soils supporting mangrove plantation in Kuwait

The State of Kuwait has initiated an ambitious national program to establish greenery in 20000 ha of open spaces in inland and coastal areas. Afforestation of intertidal zones with mangrove plants is being considered as a viable option for greening coastal areas. In view of this fact, experimental plantations were established using two ecotypes of Avicennia marina (Bahrain and UAE) and one ecotype of Avicennia germinans (Florida). The study consisted of two 10-year old plantations and two 2-year old plantations. Seedlings established successfully and grew vigorously on some of the locations within the site. Therefore, studies were conducted during 2002-2003 to describe and classify soils that supported maximum mangrove establishment and growth under the harsh arid coastal conditions of Kuwait. For this purpose, eight soil profiles (four each representing areas where seedlings established successfully and grew vigorously and where all seedlings died in the initial stages of establishment) were investigated and classified according to the soil taxonomy. The main soil types observed in the study site were: Typic Aquisalids, Typic/sodic Aquicambids and Calcic Aquisalids. Mangrove growth performance in relation to the landform, soil type and properties of the soil at various depths is discussed in the paper. The plant growth appeared to be the better on the typic Aquisalid soil than that on the Typic/sodic Aquicambid soils. The relative proportions of the coarse sand fraction, occurrence of the anaerobic layer in the profile and the surface layer salinity influenced both the establishment and growth of mangrove plants.     

Relationship between distribution patterns of shoots and light conditions on population floor in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zostera marina</Emphasis> population

ABSTRACT:   This study was designed to identify a sustainable Zostera marina population based on the relationships between the distributional patterns of shoots and light conditions in the population. Population structures and light conditions on 22 April 2003 (season of reducing shoot density), 27 September 2003 (season of the annual minimum density and biomass) and 9 April 2004 (season of the annual maximum density and biomass) were examined. On 22 April 2003, the frequency distribution in shoot length was almost even. The spatial pattern is characterized by small clumps within 2–5 cm radius. On 27 September 2003, the lengths of all shoots were less than 40 cm, and the distributional patterns were similar to 22 April. On 9 April 2004, the spatial pattern is characterized by larger clumps within 25 cm radius. The reproductive shoots had a regular distribution. The relative light intensities on the population floor of the sea surface on 27 September and 9 April were 53.3 and 10.2%, respectively. The light intensity on 9 April 2004 was not sufficient for growth. The results suggest that the competition for harvesting solar radiation is caused by the shoot length and the spatial pattern among shoots in the population.     

雷州半岛白骨壤自然种群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用ISSR标记技术研究表明:雷州半岛5个白骨壤(Avicennia marina)种群具有较高的遗传多样性。种群之间遗传分化很低,遗传分化系数FST=0.081 2,遗传相似系数平均值为0.980 4,种群间具有较强的基因流(Nm=5.654 9)。通过UPGMA聚类将5个白骨壤种群分为三类,特呈岛种群和角尾种群为一类,企水种群和高桥种群为一类,和安种群单独为一类。和安白骨壤种群可能是雷州半岛最古老的白骨壤种群,应予以优先保护。     

人为干扰对白骨壤生理特征的影响

[目的]研究人为干扰对白骨壤生长发育的影响程度。[方法]通过试验测定白骨壤的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、水分利用率、叶绿素含量、电解质渗透率等生理特征指标。[结果]与保护样地相比,在人为干扰下：净光合速率、蒸腾作用、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度的差异不显著,水分利用率显著性降低;叶绿素a无显著变化,叶绿素b、a/b和总量显著增加;抗热性影响较小,但其抗寒性显著下降。[结论]人为干扰造成白骨壤的生理机能在一定程度上降低,种群退化,合理的保护措施有利于延缓这一演替过程。     

白骨壤中性糖蛋白的分离鉴定及生物活性研究

以白骨壤树枝为材料,经提取、分离和纯化等一系列步骤得到一中性多糖组分HAM-3-IIa,经高效凝胶过滤色谱(HPGFC)和凝胶柱层析Sephacryl(S-400)鉴定为均一组分,其重均相对分子质量(Mw)为97 600.化学组成分析表明,HAM-3-IIa为中性糖蛋白,含蛋白4.9%,含多糖95.0%;由阿拉伯糖(Ara)、半乳糖(Gal)和木糖(Xyl)组成;β-消去反应说明HAM-3-IIa中糖链以O-糖肽键连接到苏氨酸上的;补体结合实验表明,该多糖通过经典途径和替代途径共同作用产生显著的抗补体活性,呈一定的剂量效应关系,并研究确定该活性不是由于纯化过程中所产生的微生物所造成的.     

大型水生植物对海洋卡盾藻生长的抑制效应

[目的]研究凤眼莲根(Eichnornia crassipes)、龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)和N-苯基-2-萘胺对海洋卡盾藻(Chattonella marina)生长的抑制效应。[方法]凤眼莲根粉末浓度分别设为0、0.1、0.5、1.0、1.5 g/L,龙须菜新鲜组织浓度分别设为0、0.1、0.5、1.0、2.0 g(FW)/L,N-苯基-2-萘胺浓度分别设为0、0.5、1.0、5.0、10.0 mg/L。[结果]1.0、1.5 g/L凤眼莲根粉末,1.0、5.0和10.0 mg/L N-苯基-2-萘胺及2.0 g(FW)/L龙须菜新鲜组织对起始密度为1.6×106个/L的海洋卡盾藻生长表现出明显的抑制作用。[结论]该研究可为进一步研究凤眼莲和龙须菜对海洋卡盾藻生长的影响奠定基础。